Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part.
If this were a discussion of woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal. These processes can be divided into chip producing cutting, generally known as machining. Burning or cutting with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process not machining. There are also miscellaneous specialty processes such as chemical milling.
Cutting is nearly fully represented by:
Chip producing processes most commonly known as machining
Burning, a set of processes which cut by oxidizing a kerf to separate pieces of metal
Specialty processes
Drilling a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process.
Using an oxy-fuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.
There are many technologies available to cut metal, including:
Manual technologies: saw, chisel, shear or snips
Machine technologies: turning, milling, drilling, grinding, sawing
Welding/burning technologies: burning by laser, oxy-fuel burning, and plasma
Erosion technologies:by water jet or electric discharge.
Cutting fluid or coolant is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.
Machining
A milling machine
Milling is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions.
The spindle usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal mill and vertical mill.
The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the CNC machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances are usually in the thousandths of an inch (Unit known as Thou), depending on the specific machine.
In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and material. This coolant can either be machine or user controlled, depending on the machine.
Materials that can be milled range from aluminium to stainless steel and most everything in between. Each material requires a different speed on the milling tool and varies in the amount of material that can be removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts of material removed. Softer materials vary, but usually are milled with a high bit speed.
The use of a milling machine adds costs that are factored into the manufacturing process. Each time the machine is used coolant is also used, which must be periodically added in order to prevent breaking bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in order to prevent damage to the material. Time is the biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require hours to complete, while very simple parts take only minutes. This in turn varies the production time as well, as each part will require different amounts of time.
Safety is key with these machines. The bits are traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine operator.
Turning
A lathe cutting material from a workpiece.
Turning is a metalcutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing. Producing surfaces using both radial and axial feeds is called profiling.
A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts, camshafts, and bearing mounts.
Lathes have three main components: the headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock. The headstock’s spindle secures the workpiece with a chuck, whose jaws (usually three or four) are tightened around the piece. The spindle rotates at high speed, providing the energy to cut the material. While historic lathes were powered by belts from the ceiling, modern examples uses electric motors. The workpiece extends out of the spindle along the axis of rotation above the flat bed. The carriage is platform that can be moved horizontally along and perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
A hardened cutting tool is held at the desired height (usually the middle of the workpiece) by the toolpost. The carriage is then moved around the rotating workpiece, and the cutting tool gradually shaves material from the workpiece. The tailstock can be sided along the axis of rotation and then locked in place as necessary. It may hold centers to further secure the workpiece, or cutting tools driven into the end of the workpiece, .
Other operation that can be performed with a single point tool on a lathe are:
Chamfering: Cutting an angle on the comer of a cylinder.
Parting: The tool is fed radially into the workpiece to cut off the end of a part.
Threading: A tool is fed along and across the outside or inside surface of rotating parts to produce external or internal threads.
Boring: A single-point tool is fed linearly and parallel to the axis of rotation.
Drilling: Feeding the drill into the workpiece axially.
Knurling: Produces a regular cross-hatched pattern in work surfaces.
Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product.
Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.
Materials appropriate for turning used are softer metals, although harder metals can be turned with a bit more time and effort.
The turning tool material must be harder than the material being turned in order for the process to work. Production rates for this process depend on the object being turned and the speed at which it can be done. More complex materials, therefore, will take more time.
Threading
Three different types and sizes of taps.
There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a tap or die, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling and forming, and thread grinding. A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.
Grinding
A surface grinder
Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using a abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.
The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.
Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today’s 30000 RPM CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.
Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. The common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.
In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other man-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.
Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.
Filing
A file is an abrasive surface like this one that allows machinists to remove small, imprecise amounts of metal.
Filing is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a file. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. The skilled use of a file allowed a machinist to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft. Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of deburring.
Other
Broaching is a machining operation used to cut keyways into shafts. Electron beam machining (EBM) is a machining process where high-velocity electrons are directed toward a work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Ultrasonic machining uses ultrasonic vibrations to machine very hard or brittle materials.
Welding
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound, While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.
Brazing
Brazing is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a capillary formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpiece(s) and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 °C (842 °F). Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.
Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, and inductive brazing.
Soldering
Soldering a printed circuit board.
Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C (842 °F). It is similar to brazing in the fact that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.
Heat treatment
Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation strengthening, quenching, and tempering. The annealing process softens the metal by allowing recovery of cold work and grain growth. Quenching can be used to harden alloy steels, or in precipitation hardenable alloys, to trap dissolved solute atoms in solution. Tempering will cause the dissolved alloying elements to precipitate, or in the case of quenched steels, improve impact strength and ductile properties.
Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what is known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high alloy special steels, super alloys and titanium alloys.
Plating
Electroplating is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold, silver, chromium or zinc to the surface of the product. It is used to reduce corrosion as well as to improve the product’s aesthetic appearance.
Thermal spraying
Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings.
Water Cutting
Waterjet cutting stands out as a unique metal-cutting technique that capitalizes on the force of water. Water is pressurized to extreme levels and channeled into fine streams or waterjets that act as cutting blades. When directed onto a material, these streams can slice through it, molding it into the intended shape and dimensions.
Abrasives can be introduced into the waterjets to support their cutting capabilities, especially when working with tougher or thicker materials. Common abrasives, like aluminum oxide or garnet, enhance the cutting power of the jets. With these abrasives, the waterjets can tackle even the most challenging materials, ensuring clean, precise cuts regardless of the material’s density or hardness. Waterjet cutting offers power and precision, making it an invaluable tool in various industries.
The Strengths of Waterjet Cutting
Waterjet cutting brings several distinct advantages to the table, especially when compared to other cutting methods:
Cold Cutting Nature: Unlike many cutting techniques that rely on heat, waterjet cutting is basically a cold-cutting process. This means the material isn’t subjected to high temperatures, which is necessary for metals that might otherwise warp or lose their properties when heated.
Minimal Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ): Due to its cold-cutting character, the process greatly reduces HAZ. A smaller HAZ means there’s less chance of the material experiencing thermal distortion or changes in its microstructure, ensuring the integrity of the cut piece.
Superior Precision for Thick Materials: Waterjet cutting can handle denser materials way better compared to methods like laser cutting. It can carve through thicker sections while maintaining tight tolerances, ensuring depth and accuracy.
Cleaner Outputs: With waterjet cutting, the byproducts of the process, like slag or dross, are minimized. This leads to cleaner cuts, reducing the need for post-processing and ensuring a more polished final product.
Waterjet Cutting’s Industrial Applications
The use of waterjet cutting isn’t limited to a narrow range; its adaptability also allows it to cater to different industrial needs, facilitated by its capability to make both 2D and 3D cuts. Such dimensional versatility equips manufacturers with the tools to create both straightforward and intricate components, so it can serve a broad set of industries:
Aerospace: The high-precision demands of aerospace components like engines, turbine blades, and control panels are expertly met with waterjet cutting, which delivers exact cuts without thermal degradation.
Marine: In an industry where materials must withstand saline environments and high pressures, waterjet-cut pipes and pumps stand out for their precise dimensions and structural integrity.
Sawing/Saw Cutting
Sawing, often termed saw cutting, involves using a saw blade with sharp metallic teeth to segment material into desired shapes or more manageable pieces. Manufacturers mostly use two types: circular saw cutting and band saw cutting. In circular saw cutting, a rotating disc blade slices through the material, while band saw cutting uses a long, straight blade for continuous and even cutting.
Benefits of Saw Cutting
Saw cutting stands out from various other metal cutting techniques due to the many advantages it brings to the table. One of its most amazing characteristics is its capability for close-tolerance cutting. This precision minimizes the waste produced, leading to a more sustainable operation and cost savings in material use. Saw cutting also combines speed with quality; it achieves fast cutting rates without compromising the cut’s finish. This dual advantage means that, often, no subsequent finishing processes are needed, leading to a quicker project completion time. Because of this, saw-cutting can greatly reduce overall expenses for certain applications, which makes it a preferred choice for many manufacturers.
Materials Suitable for Saw Cutting
Saw cutting can be used to a broad range of metals. This includes common ones like aluminum, brass, bronze, and copper, as well as more specialized types such as high-temperature alloys, nickel alloys, stainless steel, and titanium. These metals can be efficiently processed using saw-cutting techniques in bars, plates, pipes, or tubes. Nevertheless, the method showcases its prowess, especially when dealing with thicker materials or irregular cross-sections. This is because sawing equipment can sometimes struggle to maintain stability with thin, flat materials during cutting, making it better at handling robust and varied profiles.
Saw Cutting Across Various Industries
Saw cutting is a primary technique that covers many sectors, each with unique requirements and applications. The aerospace industry, for instance, depends on it for crafting precision parts that ensure aircraft reliability. Architectural firms employ saw cutting to sculpt metals for structural and design elements, bringing visions to life. In biotechnology, the method is important in creating equipment and apparatuses.
The chemical sector requires it for fabricating containers and machinery, while food processing utilizes saw-cutting for machinery and conveyance systems. Marine industries tap into its potential for shipbuilding and marine equipment. For packaging, the precision and efficiency of saw cutting help in designing tailored solutions. At the same time, the pharmaceutical industry relies on it to create apparatus and infrastructure for drug production and research. This wide industry application indicates saw cutting’s versatility and indispensability.
Metal fabrication is an essential step in creating all sorts of metal parts, components and machines. During almost any fabrication process, the metal materials required will need to be cut — however, there are several different types of metal cutting approaches you can choose from.
Which type of metal cutting is right for your application? To help you decide, here’s a look at some of the most commonly used metal cutting technologies and approaches.
Grinding
Grinding is a metal cutting process used in fabrication. The actual metal grinding is used to rid metal components of rough edges by deburring, smoothing out welds and, in some cases, creating sharp edges.
Grinding is almost always done by hand using a grinding machine, though some larger operations have finishing machines they use for the process. There are many different types of machines used for grinding, including bench grinders, cylinder grinders, surface grinders, bit grinders and more. Because grinding is a manual process, it’s often one of the more intensive and expensive steps in fabrication.
Drilling
Drilling is another important action for metal fabrication. Metal drilling is used to create holes of precise specifications in a metal component or surface. The hole itself is created by applying pressure and rotation on top of the metal component or surface.
When creating parts and components that will be fastened to other metal components or to components made from other materials, it’s often necessary to create holes for fasteners to pass through. Different types of metal will require different levels of pressure and various types of tools, depending on the specific drilling needs.
Turning
Also known as metal spinning, metal turning is a metalworking process wherein a tube or disc rotates at a high speed to help form metal in the desired configuration. The turning process is typically conducted by hand or through use of a lathe, and the technicians who perform turning are highly skilled at forming parts and components during the fabrication process.
Burning
Also known as welding, metal burning is the process of heating metal components to such a temperature that they can be broken and formed along a pattern. Burning and welding are often used to join two different metal components, and specialty tools are required for successful burning and welding. Metal burning’s roots lie in blacksmithing, a forge welding specialty that involved heating and hammering in an effort to join together iron and steel.
Water Jet
The water jet process includes mixing water with metal abrasive and then applying it at high force to the metal component that needs forming. The water jet approach allows for precise metal surfacing during the fabrication process. Many professional fabricators lean heavily on water jet forming and cutting because it is comparatively fast and inexpensive. The water jet process also produces the clean surfaces and smooth edges quality fabricated materials are known for.
Plasma
Plasma is one of the newer approaches to metal cutting. In the plasma cutting process, fabricators use plasma torches that pass an electrical arc through oxygen or a different inert gas. This electrical arc simultaneously blows away unwanted molten metal and melts away the metal surface for forming and shaping. The plasma approach can be used to cut or form different types of metal, including aluminum, brass, copper and stainless steel.
Laser
For the utmost in precision and control, choose laser metal cutting technology for your application. During the laser cutting process, a highly concentrated light beam at a high temperature is used to cut a component to specific shapes and sizes. Given how precise laser cutting is, a computer system is typically used in tandem to manage the process.
Laser metal cutting processes are typically used for fabrication when adherence to plans and precision when compared to design drawings are of the highest importance. Laser cutting is also one of the most intensive and expensive approaches to metal cutting.
Because metalworking is used so diversely, it includes a wide range of skills, processes and tools. Most commonly, metalworking is divided into the following categories:
Cutting: cutting is a collection of processes where the material is brought to a specified shape by removing excess using various kinds of tooling
Forming: forming modifies metal by deforming it, i.e. forming does not remove any metal. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.
Joining: joining brings two or more pieces of metal together by way of one or more different processes which include welding, brazing and soldering
Anyone looking for the oldest form of metalworking will inevitably come across forging. In forging, metals are machined by means of force, for example with the aid of a hammer. Nowadays, this form of metalworking is very rarely found in the industrial sector and is rather used in the artistic sector. The first metal sheets were made of soft materials such as silver and gold. In the course of metalworking, the blacksmiths were able to shape these materials into thin sheets, from which jewellery and coins were subsequently made, for instance.
A little bit later, the materials iron and copper also found their way into sheet metal processing. Especially in the High and Late Middle Ages iron sheets were used to make knight’s armour. At that time, rolling was still unknown in metalworking. Instead, the sheet metal was processed with hammers or hammer blows until the materials had the desired thickness. Of course, sheet metal and silver and gold were valuable materials – solely because of the value of the raw materials. However, iron sheets also became an expensive commodity because the sheet metal processing was very complex and time-consuming. The raw materials had to be formed into sheet metal by pure manual work and with the aid of simple tools. Sheet metal processing, therefore, required a high degree of practice and experience.
Because metalworking is used so diversely, it includes a wide range of skills, processes and tools. Most commonly, metalworking is divided into the following categories:
Cutting: cutting is a collection of processes where the material is brought to a specified shape by removing excess using various kinds of tooling
Forming: forming modifies metal by deforming it, i.e. forming does not remove any metal. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.
Joining: joining brings two or more pieces of metal together by way of one or more different processes which include welding, brazing and soldering
Metalworking techniques create everything from small decorative objects to large-scale structures. While many metalworking techniques will be similar across different materials, the properties of the metal you are working with will greatly impact your work and your desired finished result.
Cutting processes have always been an integral part of the manufacturing industry, what many do not know is that there are varying methods of cutting metal, Each process has different capabilities, limitations, and costs associated. While some Methods have been around as early as the mid-1800s, others are relatively new. I will share some new if I feel free
Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge ships, buildings, and bridges down to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry.
The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft, native metals like gold with simple hand tools, through the smelting of ores and hot forging of harder metals like iron, up to highly technical modern processes such as machining and welding. It has been used as an industry, a driver of trade, indivudual hobbies, and in the creation of art; it can be regarded as both a science and a craft.
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.
Shearing
Shearing offers a unique approach to metal cutting, using a two-blade system consisting of a moving upper blade and a stationary lower blade. These blades are slightly offset from each other to facilitate the cutting process. When the upper blade descends, it applies pressure on the material, pressing it against the stationary lower blade. The combined force deforms the material to a point where it can no longer maintain its structure, causing it to strain and eventually yield. This action results in a clean cut, with the technique being particularly effective for straight-line cuts in sheet and plate metals. The simplicity yet effectiveness of shearing makes it a widely used method in various metalworking applications.
The Multifaceted Benefits of Shearing
Shearing has more advantages than just mere cutting, making it a notably versatile option compared to other metal cutting techniques:
Versatility in Operations: Shearing machines are multi-functional. They are not limited to cutting; they can also execute bending, punching, and pressing operations on metal materials. This multi-purpose capability can be a boon for manufacturers looking for a one-stop solution for multiple metalworking tasks.
Waste Minimization: Shearing is remarkably efficient when it comes to waste management. Shearing generates virtually no waste, unlike other cutting methods that produce chips or slag. This enhances the overall efficiency and contributes to cost savings, as there is minimal material loss during the operation.
Material Cost Efficiency: The process is almost waste-free, so the material utilization rate is very high. This helps reduce the overall material costs, making shearing an economically attractive option for various applications.
Material Suitability in Shearing
Shearing is most effective when applied to plate and sheet materials, as its mechanics are tailored for these configurations. But, it has its limitations:
Optimal for Mid-Range Thickness: While it excels with sheet and plate materials, shearing may struggle with excessively thick substances. Such materials often require strong force, making them less suitable for this method.
Not Ideal for Hollow Structures: Hollow materials pose another challenge as they may deform under the pressure exerted by the shearing blades, leading to inconsistent or poor-quality cuts.
Material Compatibility: When it comes to metal types, shearing is fairly versatile. It can efficiently cut a range of metals. These materials respond well to shearing, offering clean cuts without significant material waste.
Industrial Applications of Shearing
Shearing can be used across many sectors, underlining its adaptability and functional versatility. The process serves to create a variety of components necessary to different industries:
Aerospace: In a sector that requires precision, sheared components like aircraft engines benefit from the process’s high accuracy.
Automotive: Sheared metal parts like discs are often integral in braking systems, showcasing the method’s relevance in the automotive industry.
Oil & Gas: Pipes and pumps, needed for fluid transportation and control, are other instances where shearing provides accurate and reliable results.
Manufacturing: Generally, shearing creates components like rings and tubing, which are essential in various machinery and structural applications.
Electrical and Electronics: Sheared parts can also be found in electrical casings and electronic components, where clean, straight cuts are highly valued.
Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Today’s machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.
Metalworking fluids utilized in machining processes serve three primary functions; these are (a) to provide lubrication to the cutting zone, (b) to provide cooling for the tool and workpiece materials for fast and effective removal of the heat generated during the cutting process and (c) to facilitate or assist in removal of chips from the cutting zone. The relative importance of these three functions is often dependent on the metal being machined, the operation being performed and the tooling being used. The influence of lubrication is important and provides a significant impact in most machining operations. Reduction of the friction and resultant cutting forces which arise during machining will yield positive effects for tool lifetime and part quality. The cooling provided by cutting fluids is necessary to decrease the effects of temperature on the cutting tool and machined workpiece. With rapid heat removal from the tool and workpiece, tool wear rates can often be reduced and dimensional accuracy of machined parts can be improved. This is especially important when machining metals such as stainless steels and titanium alloys which have relatively low thermal conductivity. It is also necessary to remove the chips from the cutting tool and machined workpiece surface rapidly and efficiently. A lack of removal or inability to do this often leads to poor machined surface quality as well as the potential for rapid loss of the integrity of the tool.
Metalworking is, as its title suggests, working with metals to create individual parts. There is a wide range of technologies that are used within metalworking to create all types of products such as small pieces of jewelry all the way to building components and large-scale constructions. Most metalworking processes can be categorized into three categories: forming, cutting, or joining. However, it’s also important to note that casting is one of the most widespread methods of metalworking and involves pouring metal into a mold, after which is cooled and solidified. This guide will attempt to provide an overview of the most prevalent metalworking processes in the manufacturing industry today.
good blog!
thank you for sharing
thanks for sharing your experience
thanks for your introduction
thanks for your sharing
good sharing! your blog is very good!
I can not resist commenting. Well written!
thanks for your introduction, you should write more!:-)
I learned something useful from this article, thanks!
thanks! that is what I need.
your introduction is very useful for me, thanks!
Your introduction is very practical， I will study it carefully
Hello mates, fastidious paragraph and pleasant
urging commented at this place, I am genuinely enjoying by
these.
What’s up to all, how is all, I think every one is getting more from this
website, and your views are fastidious designed for new people.
Right here is the perfect blog for everyone
who hopes to find out about this topic. You understand so
much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I personally will need to…HaHa).
You certainly put a new spin on a topic which has been written about for ages.
Excellent stuff, just great!
Have you ever thought about including a little bit more than just your articles?
I mean, what you say is important and everything.
Nevertheless imagine if you added some great visuals or video clips to give your
posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and video clips, this blog could definitely be one of the greatest
in its niche. Good blog!
thanks for your comment, we will consider your suggestion carefully