In the U.S. we are accustomed to the standard of measurement for defining mold surfaces set forth by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), but elsewhere in this world they use such measurements as Roughness Average (RA), Root Mean Square (RMS) and Micro Inch Finish.

How do they relate? What do they mean? To our knowledge, no charts exist that lay these units of measure side by side in a conversion format so that companies can confidently understand what they are dealing with. That’s what we’ll attempt to produce with this discussion.

A Gray Area
In most minds, determining surface profile or roughness is a gray area. So it would probably make sense to build some frame of reference by understanding how the RA and RMS are defined and measured.

RA is defined as the arithmetic average deviation of the surface valleys and peaks and is usually used to describe the roughness of a machined surface. It is identical to the I.S.O. measurement known as “center line average”, or CLA, and also is equal to the arithmetic average mentioned a moment ago. The term “RA” has simply taken over as the term of preference over the others, even though they have been around for some time.

RMS is defined as the root mean square average of the profile height deviations from the mean line of the surface. It is mostly used to describe the finish of an optical surface.
Both of these measurements are expressed in micro inches, the symbol of which is this: µ”.
Commonly Used Surface Measurement Symbols
Micron = µ
Micro Inch = µ”
Micrometer = µm
Millimeter = mm

To give some perspective as to the size of each of these units of measure, take a look at the following:

Basic Measurement Equivalents
1 micro inch (µ”) = 0.000001 of a standard U.S. inch.
1 micro inch (µ”) = 40 microns (µ)
1 micro inch (µ”) = 0.0254 micrometers (µm)
0.001″ = 0.0254mm

If this isn’t very clear, we’re about to muck up the waters a little further by saying that all measurements are approximate. There is no direct correlation or conversion between RA and RMS, as there can be as much as a 25 percent margin of error. But in the mold industry, we ultimately regard both equally because of the scales we work within.
How do these relate to SPI?

Take a look at the chart we assembled. In the U.S., most of us are very familiar with the Society of the Plastics Industry’s standard surface finish definitions, such as an A-1 diamond buff, C-1 Grit Stone or a B-2 Grit Paper finish. As you can see, the RA equivalent value of that A-1 diamond buff is a 0 – 1µ, while the C-1 Stone finish has a 10 – 12µ RA value and the B-2 Paper finish has a 4 – 5µ RA value.

The RMS values are very similar, and the difference between them is a division of millionths. Is it necessary to be that exact? Probably not. Even when a surface is measured at 10 microns RA, the difference between that and its RMS counterpart is 0.8 of a millionth. However, once you start dealing with values over 10 microns, the differences between RA and RMS begin to jump.

Now many variables begin to come into play as waviness spikes in the profile of the mold surface and the length of the sample area being tested become a factor. A typical instrument used to measure these factors is called a profilometer. This exacting tool is so accurate it can be calibrated and traced to NIST standards.

Now that we’ve determined what Roughness Average and Root Mean Square are and how they are measured and correlate to the more familiar S.P.I. standards, we can now begin to understand how they relate to the molds we manufacture. Fortunately, the science behind them can be left to a qualified vendor who can help you achieve the surface finish your customer requires.